Political Animals: How
Our Stone-Age Brain Gets in the Way of Smart Politics by Rick Shenkman discusses
cognitive science, psychology and evolutionary psychology.
Evolutionary psychologists argue, according to Shenkman (p.
116), that “our biases are not ‘design flaws,’ they are ‘design features.’” The book’s conclusion (p. 247) is that
citizens, with Pleistocene brains, have to work at reforming themselves to have
a democracy that works.
Shenkman analyzes what he calls (p. 109) “some of the most
common cognitive biases identified by social scientists.” They are: availability bias, perseverance bias,
source confusion, projection bias, self-serving bias, superiority bias,
planning fallacy and optimism bias.
This is an interesting, “big picture,” work. Sadly, in one respect, I would argue that the
author suffered from some of the biases that he described.
Shenkman made overly broad statements on Social Security disability
and put too much faith in an April, 2013, National Public Radio (NPR) series
(pp. 210-211).
Shenkman states:
“While the welfare rolls were going down [after 1996 laws],
the number of people on Social Security disability was going up.” [p. 210]
“It appears plausible that after they left the welfare
rolls, a lot of them simple moved onto the disability rolls.” [p. 210]
“It makes no sense for people who cannot find a job to go on
disability if they are not really disabled.” [p. 211]
“According to NPR, the criteria by which people are
designated disabled are arbitrary.” [p. 211]
Not only did Shenkman fail to provide independent evidence
for his conclusions, innuendos and generalizations, he failed to note the
objections to the NPR series and failed to include citations of organizations
and individuals taking issue with the NPR series—see below.
The NPR series was criticized by many, including the
National Organization of Social Security Claimants’ Representatives (NOSSCR)
and by eight former commissioners of Social Security, who said that “the series
failed to tell the whole story and perpetuated dangerous myths.”
See:
Additionally, Shenkman did not make clear that there are two
Social Security disability programs. One disability
program is part of Social Security insurance; retirement and survivor's benefits are other parts--these three programs are based on workers’ contributions (FICA—the Federal Insurance
Contributions Act). The other program, a
needs-based program that provides for disabled children and others who have not
worked under FICA (or who have not worked recently or long enough under FICA), is Supplemental Security Income.
So on the one hand Social Security disability is a
contributory insurance system and the
Supplemental Security Income disability program is a welfare disability
program.
Shenkman also did not describe the backlog of pending Social
Security disability cases, the sequential evaluation process, the out-of-date
vocational methodology used by Social Security, the reliance on state
disability determination services to make medical determinations, and so many
more factors that impact the ability to get approved.
